chore: bump golang to 1.23 for build image

[mainred]

Update golang to 1.23 to support new features like godebug directives for components like cloud-provider-azure and as a follow-up to #32647

cc @dims

[k8s-ci-robot]

Hi @mainred. Thanks for your PR.

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[ameukam]

/ok-to-test

[dims]

/approve
/lgtm

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: dims, mainred

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[mainred]

newer images are getting deployed in #34036