ENH: Implement map_array(na_action='raise')

[kopytjuk]

Addresses #14210

Often users use s.map() blindly and are surprised by downstream errors which are caused by the implicit replacement of values to np.nan if they are not part of the mapping dictionary:

import pandas as pd

s = pd.Series(["cat", "dog", "mouse"])
d = {"cat": "kitten", "dog": "puppy"}

res = s.map(d)

print(res)
# 0    kitten
# 1     puppy
# 2       NaN
# dtype: object

This PR adds a possibility to raise an error via s.map(d, na_option='raise'), if the mapping does not cover all values in the array.

• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.